Four lessons from 33 years in bond markets

by | Jan 26, 2022

As T. Rowe Price celebrates half a century of fixed income investing, Mark Vaselkiv, the CIO of fixed income at T. Rowe Price – who has himself spent 33 years at the company – discusses the evolution of the high yield asset class and shares a number of fascinating anecdotes.

Lesson one: be a contrarian

The early years illustrated, when there is havoc in the markets, it pays to run toward the fire when others are heading for the exit. The 1998-2002 turbulence was followed by several years of stellar performance. The double-digit spread widening during the global financial crisis resulted in a once-in-a-lifetime rally, and the 2020 Covid-19 shock was also followed by a sharp recovery.

Having the ability to pivot from a conservative capital preservation strategy to opportunistic capital appreciation strategy, to be a liquidity provider when everyone else is selling, is an enduring lesson in this market.

Lesson two: be a permanent resident

I have also learnt it pays to be in it for the long haul. There are two kinds of investors in global high yield – permanent residents and tourists. Long-term residents have been rewarded by what Albert Einstein allegedly called the eighth wonder of the world – compound interest – ‘he who understands it, earns it. He who doesn’t, pays it’.

Early entrants who stayed the course had the benefit of double-digit yields year after year. For example, $100 invested in the CSFB High Yield Index in 1988 would have reached $1,274 by the end of 2020.

Lesson three: identify the innovators

Warren Buffett said each big industry trend starts with the innovators, followed by the imitators, and finally the incompetents. The goal, of course, is to identify the first and avoid the last. Backing the early innovators is not always comfortable. I remember getting pushback in the 2010s from clients because two of our holdings – Tesla and Netflix – were burning so much cash flow. Knowing what I know now, there are names I wish we bought more of.

One area I wish we would have done more in was in the wireless space. The year before I joined the firm, Gordon Gekko had made Motorola’s brick-like DynaTac 8000X look cool in the movie ‘Wall Street’. But we did not realise in the 1990s, when innovators like Western Wireless first came to the US high yield market, just how huge wireless would be as a global growth industry. Western Wireless, via many mergers and consolidations, still lives on in T-Mobile Sprint, which is one of the top three operators in the US today. With the collapse of the TMT bubble in 2001, wireless providers came through the crisis better than the wireline businesses, which took years longer to recover. We were overweight wireless, which was a significant contributor to our performance coming out of the crash. Even so, risk management priorities capped our sector exposure at 10% to 15%. I do sometimes daydream about getting to do my career over as a distressed debt manager.

Lesson four: know when to fold

We have had some narrow escapes. When I joined the firm, the big US growth sector – one in which we had considerable exposure – was gaming, which had been legalised in the 1970s. Driven by innovators like Steve Wynn, New Jersey’s Atlantic City become the luxury casino capital of the world. But in 1990, a massive new build, the Taj Mahal, came in wildly over budget, issued $650m in 14% first mortgage bonds, made a single coupon payment and then defaulted.

The owner, Donald J. Trump, had billed the development as ‘the eighth wonder of the world’ – although history suggests Einstein was closer to the mark with his compound interest. The Taj, added to the existing Trump Plaza and Trump Castle, disturbed the supply-demand balance in Atlantic City, and contributed to its decline. Wynn, meanwhile, cashed in his chips at the top of the market and went on to Nevada to play his part in the next money spinner – Las Vegas.

Where next for high yield?

Recent years have brought global high yield spreads to record tights, and I doubt I will see another decade of double-digit coupons in my lifetime. That said, I think we could see the outlook improve over the next five years as interest rates ‘normalise’. We expect equity returns to moderate over time, with investor allocations beginning to tilt back to fixed income, and to strategies actively managed with higher return potential, like credit, and emerging market debt – sovereign as well as corporate.

Another trend is the growing importance of the private equity world. The high yield market provides a very important source of capital to those companies. I suspect we may see a resurgence in private equity in the next three to five years, and the high yield market is likely to be a fundamental financer of those businesses.

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