The Federal Reserve cited increasing risks to the U.S. labour market as a reason to ease monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve resumed its rate-cutting cycle at the September meeting, lowering its policy rate by 25 basis points (bps) to a range of 4%–4.25%, after being on hold since its previous cut in December. The Fed also signalled a less restrictive stance to come amid mounting labour market weakness. We are aligned with market consensus and Fed projections in forecasting two more 25-bp interest rate cuts before year-end.
The tone of the Fed statement – alongside updated projections (the “dot plot”) signalling expectations for a string of interest rate cuts and Chair Jerome Powell’s press conference – indicated that concerns over weakening labour market activity have begun to outweigh concerns over inflation, which remains largely driven by tariffs. At the same time, the labour market deterioration was not deemed substantial enough to warrant accelerated cuts. Powell characterised the 25-bp cut as a “risk management” move, while underscoring that a 50-bp cut wasn’t seriously discussed.
The decision was not unanimous. Newly confirmed Governor Stephen Miran dissented in favor of a larger 50-bp cut, while the dot plot indicated one official preferred to keep rates unchanged at this meeting. Nonetheless, the majority of officials appear to support a gradual path toward neutral monetary policy – which the central bank estimates to be around 3% – over the next few years.
The Fed also maintained its current balance sheet policy of gradually reducing its holdings of U.S. Treasuries and agency mortgage-backed securities. (For our latest views on the Fed’s mortgage holdings, please read PIMCO Perspectives, “A Fed Housing Fix That’s Hiding in Plain Sight.”)
Well-telegraphed move doesn’t rattle markets
The Fed’s decisions were broadly in line with expectations. Market reaction was initially muted, but yields on intermediate-maturity U.S. Treasuries rose and ended the day modestly higher.
Ahead of the meeting, futures markets were already pricing a high probability of two additional 25-bp rate cuts this year. The Fed’s longer-run path toward neutral had already been priced in as well, as investors anticipated that policymakers would respond to deteriorating labour conditions.
Labour market risks drive statement and forecast revisions
The Fed’s statement reflected a shift in emphasis, highlighting that “downside risks to employment have risen,” while saying inflation remained “somewhat elevated.” These labour market concerns not only prompted the rate cut at the September meeting but also led to changes in Fed policy projections. The median projection now anticipates a total of 75 bps of cuts by the end of 2025, implying two additional 25-bp cuts in October and December. The median just narrowly edged down, with nine Fed officials still preferring easing by less than 75 bps this year. The downward rate path revisions also suggest that while the Fed views labour market risks as warranting a faster pace back to neutral, economic conditions haven’t deteriorated enough to warrant moving policy into accommodative territory.
The newly introduced 2028 dots showed Fed officials anticipate policy rates to return to neutral by then, consistent with the long-run rate estimate. Interestingly, the longer-run dots converged toward the median projection of 3%. Officials who had previously projected a long-run rate above the median revised their projections down, while one or two of the lower estimates were adjusted slightly higher.
Chair Powell’s tone was measured
Although yields ticked a few basis points higher throughout the press conference, we thought Powell’s comments were measured. He characterised the rate cut as a “risk management” move, and suggested that a 50-bp cut was not seriously discussed. At the same time, he emphasised the Fed’s commitment to its dual mandate and acknowledged increased downside labour market risks. His discussion of slowing hiring momentum and weaker labour supply and demand growth (which he called “a curious balance”) was a shift in tone relative to the July press conference, when he focused more on supply-side dynamics.
Inflation has remained somewhat elevated, pressured by tariff-related price adjustments – particularly in goods. But Powell emphasised that inflation expectations look stable. He framed the rate cut as “taking a step toward neutral” and noted the Fed has plenty of room to react if labour market activity begins to contract.
Looking ahead: a complex landscape for policymakers
Political pressure on the Fed has been building, particularly after clear signs of weakness appeared in the labour market data. However, the combination of tighter immigration policy, AI-driven labour displacement, and tariff-related supply shocks has created a complex environment for monetary policy. In our view, the Fed’s decision to cut rates reflects its effort to balance the need to support growth and employment with the imperative to maintain inflation credibility.
Looking ahead, the key questions will be whether productivity gains from AI and automation can offset labour supply shocks and reaccelerate economic growth, with fiscal policy in 2026 potentially providing additional support.
For now, the Fed has made its move. It has also signalled it’s ready to do more if labour markets are further strained by this year’s various economic policy pivots on tax, trade, and immigration. (Learn more in our recent Macro Signposts piece, ‘U.S. Labor Markets: A Release Valve for Tariff Pressure?’) We believe a monetary policy approach of gradually moving interest rates toward neutral is a reasonable risk management strategy in this complex environment.
By Tiffany Wilding and Allison Boxer, Economists at PIMCO
